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<title>Medial longitudinal fasciculus</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Medial longitudinal fasciculus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Transverse section of mid-brain at level of inferior colliculi. (Medial longitudinal fasciculus labeled at center right.)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Axial section through mid-brain. <br>1. <a href="Corpora_quadrigemina" title="Corpora quadrigemina">Corpora quadrigemina</a>. <br>2. <a href="Cerebral_aqueduct" title="Cerebral aqueduct">Cerebral aqueduct</a>. <br>3. <a href="Central_gray_stratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Central gray stratum">Central gray stratum</a>. <br>4. <a href="Interpeduncular_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpeduncular space">Interpeduncular space</a>. <br>5. <a href="Sulcus_lateralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulcus lateralis">Sulcus lateralis</a>. <br>6. <a href="Substantia_nigra" title="Substantia nigra">Substantia nigra</a>. <br>7. <a href="Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">Red nucleus</a> of <a href="Tegmentum" title="Tegmentum">tegmentum</a>. <br>8. <a href="Oculomotor_nerve" title="Oculomotor nerve">Oculomotor nerve</a>, with 8’, its nucleus of origin. a. <a href="Lemniscus_(anatomy)" title="Lemniscus (anatomy)">Lemniscus</a> (in blue) with a’ the <a href="Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">medial lemniscus</a> and a" the <a href="Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">lateral lemniscus</a>. b. <b>Medial longitudinal fasciculus</b>. c. <a href="Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe</a>. d. <a href="Temporopontine_fibers" title="Temporopontine fibers">Temporopontine fibers</a>. e. Portion of <a href="Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">medial lemniscus</a>, which runs to the <a href="Lentiform_nucleus" title="Lentiform nucleus">lentiform nucleus</a> and <a href="Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">insula</a>. f. <a href="Cerebrospinal_fibers" title="Cerebrospinal fibers">Cerebrospinal fibers</a>. g. <a href="Frontopontine_fibers" title="Frontopontine fibers">Frontopontine fibers</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>fasciculus longitudinalis medialis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1588">1588</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=784">784</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/nlx_144065">nlx_144065</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.04.113%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.04.113</a><br> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.05.304%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.05.304</a><br> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.06.209%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.06.209</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5867">5867</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma83846">83846</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>medial longitudinal fasciculus</b> (<b>MLF</b>) is a prominent bundle of nerve fibres which pass within the ventral/anterior portion of <a href="Periaqueductal_gray" title="Periaqueductal gray">periaqueductal gray</a> of the <a href="Mesencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesencephalon">mesencephalon</a> (midbrain).<sup id="cite_ref-Waitzman-2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waitzman-2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains the <a href="Interstitial_nucleus_of_Cajal" title="Interstitial nucleus of Cajal">interstitial nucleus of Cajal</a>, responsible for oculomotor control, head posture, and vertical eye movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Yu-2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yu-2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The MLF interconnects interneurons of each <a href="Abducens_nucleus" title="Abducens nucleus">abducens nucleus</a> with motor neurons of the contralateral <a href="Oculomotor_nucleus" title="Oculomotor nucleus">oculomotor nucleus</a>; thus, the MLF mediates coordination of horizontal (side to side) eye movements, ensuring the two eyes move in unison (thus also enabling <a href="Saccade" title="Saccade">saccadic eye movements</a>). The MLF also contains fibers projecting from the <a href="Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a> to the <a href="Oculomotor_nucleus" title="Oculomotor nucleus">oculomotor</a> and <a href="Trochlear_nucleus" title="Trochlear nucleus">trochlear nuclei</a> as well as the <a href="Interstitial_nucleus_of_Cajal" title="Interstitial nucleus of Cajal">interstitial nucleus of Cajal</a>; these connections ensure that eye movements are coordinated with head movements (as sensed by the <a href="Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular system</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Waitzman-2002_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waitzman-2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The medial longitudinal fasciculus is the main central connection for the <a href="Oculomotor_nerve" title="Oculomotor nerve">oculomotor nerve</a>, <a href="Trochlear_nerve" title="Trochlear nerve">trochlear nerve</a>, and <a href="Abducens_nerve" title="Abducens nerve">abducens nerve</a>. It carries information about the direction that the <a href="Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a> should move. <a href="Lesion" title="Lesion">Lesions</a> of the medial longitudinal fasciculus can cause <a href="Nystagmus" title="Nystagmus">nystagmus</a> and <a href="Diplopia" title="Diplopia">diplopia</a>, which may be associated with <a href="Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, a <a href="Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasm</a>, or a <a href="Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2></div>

<p>The MLF is the main intersegmental tract of the brainstem. It extends across the dorsal tegmentum of all three parts of the brainstem, as well as reaching caudally into the upper cervical spinal cord levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Standring-2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standring-2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 451">: 451 </span></sup>

</p><p>Descending fibers arise from the <a href="Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">superior colliculus</a> in the rostral midbrain (for visual <a href="Reflex" title="Reflex">reflexes</a>), the accessory oculomotor nuclei in the rostral midbrain for visual tracking, and the pontine reticular formation, which facilitates extensor muscle tone. Ascending tracts arise from the <a href="Vestibular_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestibular nucleus">vestibular nucleus</a> and terminate in the <a href="Oculomotor_nucleus" title="Oculomotor nucleus">oculomotor nucleus</a> (of the <a href="Oculomotor_nerve" title="Oculomotor nerve">oculomotor nerve</a>, CN III), the <a href="Trochlear_nucleus" title="Trochlear nucleus">trochlear nucleus</a> (of the <a href="Trochlear_nerve" title="Trochlear nerve">trochlear nerve</a>, CN IV), and the <a href="Abducens_nucleus" title="Abducens nucleus">abducens nucleus</a> (of the <a href="Abducens_nerve" title="Abducens nerve">abducens nerve</a>, CN VI).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3></div>

<p>It contains the <a href="Interstitial_nucleus_of_Cajal" title="Interstitial nucleus of Cajal">interstitial nucleus of Cajal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Yu-2022_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yu-2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="Rostral_interstitial_nucleus_of_medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus">rostral interstitial nucleus</a> (riMLF)<sup id="cite_ref-Waitzman-2002_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waitzman-2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the <a href="Vertical_gaze_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical gaze center">vertical gaze center</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathways">Pathways</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horizontal_conjugate_gaze">Horizontal conjugate gaze</h4></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Paramedian_pontine_reticular_formation" title="Paramedian pontine reticular formation">Paramedian pontine reticular formation</a></div>

<p>The paramedian pontine reticular formation (PMPRF) is involved in coordinating horizontal conjugate eye movements and saccades. To do so, besides projecting to the ibsilateral abducens nucleus, the PMPRF projects fibers through the MLF to the contralateral <a href="Oculomotor_nucleus" title="Oculomotor nucleus">oculomotor nucleus</a> (specifically, those of its motor neurons that innervate the <a href="Medial_rectus_muscle" title="Medial rectus muscle">medial rectus muscle</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interstitial_nucleus_of_Cajal">Interstitial nucleus of Cajal</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Interstitial_nucleus_of_Cajal" title="Interstitial nucleus of Cajal">Interstitial nucleus of Cajal</a></div>

<p>The interstitial nucleus of Cajal receives some ascending afferents from the vestibular nuclei via the MLF; the nucleus in turn projects descending efferents via the MLF back to the (superior and medial) vestibular nuclei, as well as to all levels of the spinal cord.<sup id="cite_ref-Standring-2020_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standring-2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 458.e1">: 458.e1 </span></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vestibulo-ocular_reflex">Vestibulo-ocular reflex</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Vestibulo-ocular_reflex" title="Vestibulo-ocular reflex">Vestibulo-ocular reflex</a></div>

<p>As part of the <i>ascending</i> MLF, the vestibular nuclei also project to the nuclei of all cranial nerves that control eye movements (i.e. oculomotor, abducens, and trochlear nuclei) to coordinate head-eye movements via the <a href="Vestibulo-ocular_reflex" title="Vestibulo-ocular reflex">vestibulo-ocular reflex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Patestas-2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patestas-2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 287-288">: 287-288 </span></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perihypoglossal_nuclei">Perihypoglossal nuclei</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Perihypoglossal_nuclei" title="Perihypoglossal nuclei">Perihypoglossal nuclei</a></div>

<p>The three perihypoglossal nuclei project efferents to the three <a href="Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">cranial nerve nuclei</a> controlling <a href="Extrinsic_eye_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrinsic eye muscles">extrinsic eye muscles</a> through the MLF.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medial_vestibulospinal_tract">Medial vestibulospinal tract</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Medial_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Medial vestibulospinal tract">Medial vestibulospinal tract</a></div>

<p>The vestibulocerebellum receives <a href="Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">vestibulocerebellar fibers</a> from the <a href="Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a>, then projects back to the <a href="Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a> to influence <a href="Medial_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Medial vestibulospinal tract">medial vestibulospinal tract (MVST)</a>. The MVST then projects bilaterally to cervical and upper thoracic levels of the spinal cord to control head/neck movements in order to coordinate head-eye movements. In the cervical spinal cord, it descends as a component of the <i>descending</i> MLF.<sup id="cite_ref-Patestas-2016_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patestas-2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 287-288, 403">: 287-288, 403 </span></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tectospinal_tract">Tectospinal tract</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Tectospinal_tract" title="Tectospinal tract">Tectospinal tract</a></div>

<p>The tectospinal tract originates in the <a href="Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">superior colliculus</a> and <a href="Tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectum">tectum</a> of the <a href="Mesencephalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesencephalic">mesencephalon (midbrain)</a>. It projects to the cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord to mediate reflex turning of the head and trunk in the direction of startling sensations. In the <a href="Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a>, it descends within the MLF.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations">Relations</h3></div>

<p>In the midbrain, the MLF is situated just ventral to the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-Standring-2020_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standring-2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the pons, the MLF is situated just ventral/anterior to the abducens nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-Standring-2020_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standring-2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2></div>

<p>A lesion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus produces slowed or absent adduction of the ipsilateral eye upon contralateral gaze.<sup id="cite_ref-Strominger-2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strominger-2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is usually associated with involuntary jerky <a href="Eye_movement" title="Eye movement">eye movements</a> (<a href="Nystagmus" title="Nystagmus">nystagmus</a>) of the abducting eye, a syndrome called <a href="Internuclear_ophthalmoplegia" title="Internuclear ophthalmoplegia">internuclear ophthalmoplegia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Strominger-2008_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strominger-2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because <a href="Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a> causes <a href="Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">demyelination</a> of the axons of the <a href="Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, it can cause internuclear ophthalmoplegia when medial longitudinal fasciculus axons get demyelinated.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This presents as nystagmus and <a href="Diplopia" title="Diplopia">diplopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Strominger-2008_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strominger-2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">demyelinating diseases</a>, as well as certain <a href="Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasms</a> and <a href="Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a>, can also cause the same symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Strominger-2008_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strominger-2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>In 1846, <a href="Neurology" title="Neurology">neurologist</a> <a href="Benedict_Stilling" title="Benedict Stilling">Benedict Stilling</a> first referred to the medial longitudinal fasciculus as the <i>acusticus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-F-1984_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by <a href="Theodor_Meynert" title="Theodor Meynert">Theodor Meynert</a> in 1872 calling it <i>posterior</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-F-1984_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1891, <a href="Heinrich_Schutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Schutz">Heinrich Schutz</a> chose the name <i>dorsal</i> to describe the longitudinal bundle.<sup id="cite_ref-F-1984_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name stuck despite other authors attempting further renaming (<a href="Ramon_y_Cajal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon y Cajal">Ramon y Cajal</a>'s <i>periependymal</i> in 1904, <a href="Theodor_Ziehen" title="Theodor Ziehen">Theodor Ziehen</a>'s <i>nubecula dorsalis</i> in 1913).<sup id="cite_ref-F-1984_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, <a href="Wilhelm_His_Sr." title="Wilhelm His Sr.">Wilhelm His Sr.</a> changed the name to <i>medial</i> to comply with <a href="Basle_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Basle nomenclature">Basle nomenclature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-F-1984_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-1984-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Decussation of pyramids.</div>

</li>

</ul>

<ul><li><a href="Listing's_law" title="Listing's law">Listing's law</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFWaitzmanOliver2002" class="citation book cs1">Waitzman, David M.; Oliver, Douglas L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0122272102002089">"Midbrain"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of the Human Brain</i>. <a href="Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>68. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-12-227210-2%2F00208-9">10.1016/B0-12-227210-2/00208-9</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-227210-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Yu-2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yu-2022_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yu-2022_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYuWang2022" class="citation cs2">Yu, Megan; Wang, Shu-Min (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547674/">"Neuroanatomy, Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal"</a>, <i>StatPearls</i>, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31613454">31613454</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-12</span></span></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Standring-2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Standring-2020_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Standring-2020_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Standring-2020_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Standring-2020_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStandring2020" class="citation book cs1">Standring, Susan (2020). <i>Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice</i> (42th ed.). New York: <a href="Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7020-7707-4</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1201341621">1201341621</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWalterShaikh2014" class="citation book cs1">Walter, B. L.; Shaikh, A. G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123851574011611">"Midbrain"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences - Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>33. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-385157-4.01161-1">10.1016/B978-0-12-385157-4.01161-1</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-385158-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Patestas-2016-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patestas-2016_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patestas-2016_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPatestasGartner2016" class="citation book cs1">Patestas, Maria A.; Gartner, Leslie P. (2016). <i>A Textbook of Neuroanatomy</i> (2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-118-67746-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKiernanRajakumar2013" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, John A.; Rajakumar, Nagalingam (2013). <i>Barr's The Human Nervous System: An Anatomical Viewpoint</i> (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 156. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4511-7327-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Strominger-2008-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strominger-2008_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strominger-2008_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strominger-2008_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strominger-2008_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStrominger2008" class="citation book cs1">Strominger, Mitchell B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323051682500182">"13 - Strabismus: Miscellaneous"</a>. <i>Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus</i>. <a href="Mosby_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosby (publisher)">Mosby</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">195–</span>200, <span class="nowrap">202–</span>210. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-323-05168-2.50018-2">10.1016/B978-0-323-05168-2.50018-2</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-323-05168-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/mediallongitudinalfasciculus.html">Multiple Sclerosis Encyclopaedia</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-F-1984-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F-1984_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F-1984_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F-1984_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F-1984_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F-1984_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFF1984" class="citation journal cs1">F, Schiller (1984). "When Is Posterior Not Dorsal but Medial?". <i>Neurology</i>. <b>34</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">511–</span>514. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.34.4.511">10.1212/wnl.34.4.511</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6366612">6366612</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26881440">26881440</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/anatomy2010/html/atlas/n2a4p4.html">Atlas image: n2a4p4</a> at the University of Michigan Health System - "Brainstem, Cranial Nerve Nuclei, Sagittal Section, Medial View"</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091021004541/http://isc.temple.edu/neuroanatomy/lab/atlas/papc/">https://web.archive.org/web/20091021004541/http://isc.temple.edu/neuroanatomy/lab/atlas/papc/</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Anatomy_of_the_medulla102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">Cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>afferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Solitary_tract" title="Solitary tract">tract</a></li>

<li><a href="Dorsal_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal respiratory group">Dorsal respiratory group</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gustatory_nucleus" title="Gustatory nucleus">Gustatory nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lateral_vestibular_nucleus" title="Lateral vestibular nucleus">Lateral</a></li>

<li><a href="Medial_vestibular_nucleus" title="Medial vestibular nucleus">Medial</a></li>

<li><a href="Inferior_vestibular_nucleus" title="Inferior vestibular nucleus">Inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>efferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hypoglossal_nucleus" title="Hypoglossal nucleus">Hypoglossal nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li>

<li><a href="Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve">Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve</a></li>

<li><a href="Inferior_salivatory_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivatory nucleus">Inferior salivatory nucleus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gracile_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile nucleus">Gracile nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneate_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate nucleus">Cuneate nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="Accessory_cuneate_nucleus" title="Accessory cuneate nucleus">Accessory cuneate nucleus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li><a href="Ventral_respiratory_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral respiratory group">Ventral respiratory group</a></li>

<li><a href="Arcuate_nucleus_(medulla)" title="Arcuate nucleus (medulla)">Arcuate nucleus of medulla</a></li>

<li><a href="Rostral_ventromedial_medulla" title="Rostral ventromedial medulla">Rostral ventromedial medulla</a></li>

<li><a href="Botzinger_complex" title="Botzinger complex">Botzinger complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-B%C3%B6tzinger_complex" title="Pre-Bötzinger complex">Pre-Bötzinger complex</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Sensory

<ul><li><a href="Sensory_decussation" title="Sensory decussation">Sensory decussation</a></li>

<li><a href="Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a></li>

<li><a href="Juxtarestiform_body" title="Juxtarestiform body">Juxtarestiform body</a></li>

<li><a href="Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus">Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus</a></li>

</ul></li>

<li>Motor

<ul><li><a href="Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus">Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus</a></li>

</ul></li></ul>

<ul><li>Descending tracts

<ul><li><a href="Olivocerebellar_tract" title="Olivocerebellar tract">Olivocerebellar tract</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubro-olivary_tract" title="Rubro-olivary tract">Rubro-olivary tract</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pyramid_(brainstem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid (brainstem)">Pyramid</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anterior_median_fissure_of_the_medulla_oblongata" title="Anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata">Anterior median fissure</a></li>

<li><a href="Anterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla" title="Anterolateral sulcus of medulla">Anterolateral sulcus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Olivary_body" title="Olivary body">Olive</a>

<ul><li><a href="Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">Inferior olivary nucleus</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Back</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Posterior_median_sulcus_of_medulla_oblongata" title="Posterior median sulcus of medulla oblongata">Posterior median sulcus</a></li>

<li><a href="Posterolateral_sulcus_of_medulla_oblongata" title="Posterolateral sulcus of medulla oblongata">Posterolateral sulcus</a></li>

<li><a href="Area_postrema" title="Area postrema">Area postrema</a></li>

<li><a href="Vagal_trigone" title="Vagal trigone">Vagal trigone</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypoglossal_trigone" title="Hypoglossal trigone">Hypoglossal trigone</a></li>

<li><a href="Medial_eminence_of_floor_of_fourth_ventricle" title="Medial eminence of floor of fourth ventricle">Medial eminence</a></li>

<li><a href="Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior cerebellar peduncle</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gigantocellular_reticular_nucleus" title="Gigantocellular reticular nucleus">Gigantocellular</a></li>

<li><a href="Parvocellular_reticular_nucleus" title="Parvocellular reticular nucleus">Parvocellular</a></li>

<li><a href="Ventral_reticular_nucleus" title="Ventral reticular nucleus">Ventral</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_reticular_nucleus" title="Lateral reticular nucleus">Lateral</a></li>

<li><a href="Paramedian_reticular_nucleus" title="Paramedian reticular nucleus">Paramedian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nucleus_raphe_obscurus" title="Nucleus raphe obscurus">Obscurus</a></li>

<li><a href="Nucleus_raphe_magnus" title="Nucleus raphe magnus">Magnus</a></li>

<li><a href="Nucleus_raphe_pallidus" title="Nucleus raphe pallidus">Pallidus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Perihypoglossal_nuclei" title="Perihypoglossal nuclei">Perihypoglossal nuclei</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_pons147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Anatomy_of_the_pons147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="Pons" title="Pons">pons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dorsal/<br>(<a href="Pontine_tegmentum" title="Pontine tegmentum">tegmentum</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Surface148" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cerebellopontine_angle" title="Cerebellopontine angle">Cerebellopontine angle</a></li>

<li><a href="Superior_medullary_velum" title="Superior medullary velum">Superior medullary velum</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulcus_limitans" title="Sulcus limitans">Sulcus limitans</a></li>

<li><a href="Medial_eminence_of_floor_of_fourth_ventricle" title="Medial eminence of floor of fourth ventricle">Medial eminence</a></li>

<li><a href="Facial_colliculus" title="Facial colliculus">Facial colliculus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Sensory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Trapezoid_body" title="Trapezoid body">Trapezoid body</a></li>

<li><a href="Trigeminal_lemniscus" title="Trigeminal lemniscus">Trigeminal lemniscus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dorsal_trigeminal_tract" title="Dorsal trigeminal tract">Dorsal trigeminal tract</a></li>

<li><a href="Anterior_trigeminothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior trigeminothalamic tract">Ventral trigeminal tract</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">Lateral lemniscus</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_tegmental_tract" title="Central tegmental tract">Central tegmental tract</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Vestibulo-oculomotor_fibers" title="Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers">Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Motor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">Inferior cerebellar peduncle</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a></li></ul></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">Vestibulospinal tract</a></li>

<li><a href="Medial_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Medial vestibulospinal tract">Medial vestibulospinal tract</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_vestibulospinal_tract" title="Lateral vestibulospinal tract">Lateral vestibulospinal tract</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a>: <a href="Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">Cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>afferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Trigeminal

<ul><li><a href="Principal_sensory_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve">Principal</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus" title="Spinal trigeminal nucleus">Spinal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cochlear_nucleus" title="Cochlear nucleus">Cochlear nucleus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus" title="Dorsal cochlear nucleus">Dorsal</a></li>

<li><a href="Anterior_cochlear_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cochlear nucleus">Anterior</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a>

<ul><li><a href="Superior_vestibular_nucleus" title="Superior vestibular nucleus">Superior</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>efferent:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Special_visceral_efferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral efferent">SVE</a>: <a href="Trigeminal_motor_nucleus" title="Trigeminal motor nucleus">Trigeminal motor nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="Facial_motor_nucleus" title="Facial motor nucleus">Facial motor nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">GSE</a>: <a href="Abducens_nucleus" title="Abducens nucleus">Abducens nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">GVE</a>: <a href="Superior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior salivary nucleus">Superior salivary nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="Inferior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivary nucleus">Inferior salivary nucleus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grey: Other nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pedunculopontine_nucleus" title="Pedunculopontine nucleus">Pedunculopontine nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="Apneustic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Apneustic center">Apneustic center</a></li>

<li><a href="Pneumotaxic_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumotaxic center">Pneumotaxic center</a></li>

<li><a href="Parabrachial_nuclei" title="Parabrachial nuclei">Parabrachial nuclei</a>

<ul><li><a href="Subparabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Subparabrachial nucleus">Subparabrachial nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="Medial_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial parabrachial nucleus">Medial parabrachial nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_parabrachial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral parabrachial nucleus">Lateral parabrachial nucleus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Superior_olivary_complex" title="Superior olivary complex">Superior olivary nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="Locus_coeruleus" title="Locus coeruleus">Locus coeruleus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ventral/<br>(<a href="Basilar_part_of_pons" title="Basilar part of pons">base</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">Pontine nuclei</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="White_matter" title="White matter">White</a>: Motor/descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Corticospinal tract</a></li>

<li><a href="Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">Corticobulbar tract</a></li>

<li><a href="Corticopontine_fibers" title="Corticopontine fibers">Corticopontine fibers</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Pontocerebellar_fibers" title="Pontocerebellar fibers">Pontocerebellar fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Basilar_sulcus" title="Basilar sulcus">Basilar sulcus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other grey: Raphe/<br>reticular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Caudal_pontine_reticular_nucleus" title="Caudal pontine reticular nucleus">Caudal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tegmental_pontine_reticular_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus">Tegmental</a></li>

<li><a href="Paramedian_pontine_reticular_formation" title="Paramedian pontine reticular formation">Paramedian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a>

<ul><li><a href="Median_raphe_nucleus" title="Median raphe nucleus">Median</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_midbrain138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Anatomy_of_the_midbrain138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Midbrain_tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Midbrain tectum">Tectum</a><br>(Dorsal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Corpora_quadrigemina" title="Corpora quadrigemina">Corpora quadrigemina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">Inferior colliculus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Inferior_colliculus#Input_and_output_connections_of_IC" title="Inferior colliculus">Inferior brachium</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">Superior colliculus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Superior_colliculus#Structure" title="Superior colliculus">Superior brachium</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pretectal_area" title="Pretectal area">Pretectal area</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory / ascending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spinotectal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinotectal tract">Spinotectal tract</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_tegmental_tract" title="Central tegmental tract">Central tegmental tract</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor / descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tectospinal_tract" title="Tectospinal tract">Tectospinal tract</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cerebral_aqueduct" title="Cerebral aqueduct">Cerebral aqueduct</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cerebral_peduncle" title="Cerebral peduncle">Peduncle</a><br>(Ventral)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Midbrain_tegmentum" title="Midbrain tegmentum">Tegmentum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory / ascending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Lemnisci

<ul><li><a href="Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">Lateral</a></li></ul></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Vestibulo-oculomotor_fibers" title="Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers">Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">Spinothalamic tract</a></li>

<li><a href="Ventral_trigeminal_tract" title="Ventral trigeminal tract">Ventral trigeminal tract</a></li>

<li><a href="Dentatothalamic_tract" title="Dentatothalamic tract">Dentatothalamic tract</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor / descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rubrospinal_tract" title="Rubrospinal tract">Rubrospinal tract</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubro-olivary_tract" title="Rubro-olivary tract">Rubro-olivary tract</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve">Mesencephalic</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Oculomotor_nucleus" title="Oculomotor nucleus">Oculomotor nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="Trochlear_nucleus" title="Trochlear nucleus">Trochlear nucleus</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Edinger%E2%80%93Westphal_nucleus" title="Edinger–Westphal nucleus">Edinger–Westphal nucleus</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ventral_tegmental_area" title="Ventral tegmental area">Ventral tegmental area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rostromedial_tegmental_nucleus" title="Rostromedial tegmental nucleus">Rostromedial tegmental nucleus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Periaqueductal_gray" title="Periaqueductal gray">Periaqueductal gray</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">Red nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="Rostral_interstitial_nucleus_of_medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus">Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus</a></li>

<li><a href="Parabrachial_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabrachial area">Parabrachial area</a></li>

<li><a href="Interpeduncular_nucleus" title="Interpeduncular nucleus">Interpeduncular nucleus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Midbrain_reticular_formation" title="Midbrain reticular formation">Midbrain reticular formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dorsal_tegmental_nucleus" title="Dorsal tegmental nucleus">Dorsal tegmental nucleus</a></li>

<li><a href="Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dorsal_raphe_nucleus" title="Dorsal raphe nucleus">dorsal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Reticulotegmental_nucleus" title="Reticulotegmental nucleus">Reticulotegmental nucleus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Base</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="White_matter" title="White matter">White</a> / <a href="Cerebral_crus" title="Cerebral crus">Cerebral crus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Pyramidal tracts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Corticospinal_tract" title="Corticospinal tract">Corticospinal tract</a></li>

<li><a href="Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">Corticobulbar tract</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Corticopontine_fibers" title="Corticopontine fibers">Corticopontine tract</a>

<ul><li><a href="Frontopontine_fibers" title="Frontopontine fibers">Frontopontine fibers</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporopontine_fibers" title="Temporopontine fibers">Temporopontine fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a> / <a href="Substantia_nigra" title="Substantia nigra">Substantia nigra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pars_compacta" title="Pars compacta">Pars compacta</a></li>

<li><a href="Pars_reticulata" title="Pars reticulata">Pars reticulata</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">Superior cerebellar peduncle</a>

<ul><li><a href="Decussation_of_superior_cerebellar_peduncles" class="mw-redirect" title="Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles">Decussation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Interpeduncular_fossa" title="Interpeduncular fossa">Interpeduncular fossa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Optical_illusions_(list)89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Optical_illusions_(list)89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">Optical illusions</a> (<a href="List_of_optical_illusions" title="List of optical illusions">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illusions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambigram" title="Ambigram">Ambigram</a></li>

<li><a href="Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">Ambiguous image</a></li>

<li><a href="Autostereogram" title="Autostereogram">Autostereogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Barberpole_illusion" title="Barberpole illusion">Barberpole</a></li>

<li><a href="Bezold_effect" title="Bezold effect">Bezold</a></li>

<li><a href="Checker_shadow_illusion" title="Checker shadow illusion">Checker shadow</a></li>

<li><a href="Chubb_illusion" title="Chubb illusion">Chubb</a></li>

<li><a href="Cornsweet_illusion" title="Cornsweet illusion">Cornsweet</a></li>

<li><a href="Delboeuf_illusion" title="Delboeuf illusion">Delboeuf</a></li>

<li><a href="Ebbinghaus_illusion" title="Ebbinghaus illusion">Ebbinghaus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ehrenstein_illusion" title="Ehrenstein illusion">Ehrenstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Flash_lag_illusion" title="Flash lag illusion">Flash lag</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraser_spiral_illusion" title="Fraser spiral illusion">Fraser spiral</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravity_hill" title="Gravity hill">Gravity hill</a></li>

<li><a href="Hering_illusion" title="Hering illusion">Hering</a></li>

<li><a href="Impossible_trident" title="Impossible trident">Impossible trident</a></li>

<li><a href="Irradiation_illusion" title="Irradiation illusion">Irradiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Jastrow_illusion" title="Jastrow illusion">Jastrow</a></li>

<li><a href="Lilac_chaser" title="Lilac chaser">Lilac chaser</a></li>

<li><a href="Mach_bands" title="Mach bands">Mach bands</a></li>

<li><a href="McCollough_effect" title="McCollough effect">McCollough</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion" title="Müller-Lyer illusion">Müller-Lyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Necker_cube" title="Necker cube">Necker cube</a></li>

<li><a href="Oppel-Kundt_illusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppel-Kundt illusion">Oppel-Kundt</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbison_illusion" title="Orbison illusion">Orbison</a></li>

<li><a href="Penrose_stairs" title="Penrose stairs">Penrose stairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Penrose_triangle" title="Penrose triangle">Penrose triangle</a></li>

<li><a href="Peripheral_drift_illusion" title="Peripheral drift illusion">Peripheral drift</a></li>

<li><a href="Poggendorff_illusion" title="Poggendorff illusion">Poggendorff</a></li>

<li><a href="Ponzo_illusion" title="Ponzo illusion">Ponzo</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubin_vase" title="Rubin vase">Rubin vase</a></li>

<li><a href="Sander_illusion" title="Sander illusion">Sander</a></li>

<li><a href="Schroeder_stairs" title="Schroeder stairs">Schroeder stairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Shepard_tables" title="Shepard tables">Shepard tables</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinning_dancer" title="Spinning dancer">Spinning dancer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ternus_illusion" title="Ternus illusion">Ternus</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertical%E2%80%93horizontal_illusion" title="Vertical–horizontal illusion">Vertical–horizontal</a></li>

<li><a href="White's_illusion" title="White's illusion">White's</a></li>

<li><a href="Wundt_illusion" title="Wundt illusion">Wundt</a></li>

<li><a href="Z%C3%B6llner_illusion" title="Zöllner illusion">Zöllner</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><i><a href="Trompe-l'%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Spectropia" title="Spectropia">Spectropia</a></i> (1864 book)</li>

<li><i><a href="Ascending_and_Descending" title="Ascending and Descending">Ascending and Descending</a></i> (1960 drawing)</li>

<li><i><a href="Waterfall_(M._C._Escher)" title="Waterfall (M. C. Escher)">Waterfall</a></i> (1961 drawing)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i> (2015 photograph)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accidental_viewpoint" title="Accidental viewpoint">Accidental viewpoint</a></li>

<li><a href="Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusions</a></li>

<li><a href="Illusion" title="Illusion">Illusions</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactile_illusion" title="Tactile illusion">Tactile illusions</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_perception" title="Time perception">Temporal illusion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1083" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A14.1.04.113">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A14.1.05.304">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A14.1.06.209">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-18" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus&oldid=1301130834">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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